Thirty-three years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. The treaty, signed by 71 nations, including those with nuclear weapons, prohibits all nuclear test explosions, including those in the basement. Although signed by President Bill Clinton, the Senate rejected the treaty by 51 votes to 48. Bulgaria maintained its SS-23 missiles, which it received from the USSR prior to the signing of the treaty. The Bulgarians argued that the missiles could not use nuclear warheads and were necessary for national security purposes. Three institutes have conducted studies on the estimated costs that the U.S. government would have to pay for the implementation of START I, including the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) and the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). With respect to the CBO`s estimates, it was estimated that the cost of full implementation would be $410 million to $1,830 million and an ongoing annual cost of $100 million to $390 million. [5] The SFRC had estimates of $200 million to $1,000 million for one-time costs and that the total cost of the inspection during the 15-year period of the contract would be $1,250 million to $2,050 million. [6] [Page required] Finally, IDA estimated only the audit costs it estimated at approximately $760 million. [7] The treaty allows contracting parties to withdraw from the treaty in the exercise of their national sovereignty after six months` notice if they have decided that exceptional events related to the purpose of the treaty jeopardize their highest interests (Article XV). The United States announced its intention to withdraw from the treaty in February 2019 and officially did so in August 2019. After the withdrawal of the United States, Russia declared that the treaty had “no more effect” and that the agreement had been denounced.
Both the United States and Russia have expressed concerns about the other side`s compliance with the FN treaty. For the first time in 2014, the United States publicly accused Russia of developing and testing a ground-launched cruise missile, the 9M729 missile, with a range that exceeds the limits of the FN treaty. These limitations were based on a rigorous analysis conducted by Ministry of Defence planners to support the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review. These aggregate limits consist of 1,550 nuclear warheads, including warheads on intercontinental missiles (ICBM), ballistic missile warheads used by submarines (SLBM) and even any heavy bomber used for nuclear weapons.
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