The use of executive contracts increased significantly after 1939. Before 1940, the U.S. Senate had ratified 800 treaties and presidents had concluded 1200 executive agreements; From 1940 to 1989, during World War II and the Cold War, presidents signed nearly 800 treaties, but negotiated more than 13,000 executive agreements. U.S. post-war diplomacy was heavily influenced by the executive agreements reached in Cairo, Tehran, Kanta, and Potsdam. 435 For a time, the formal treaty – the signing of the UN Charter and adherence to multinational defence pacts such as NATO, SEATO, CENTRO, etc. – was reinstated, but the executive agreement quickly became the main instrument of US foreign policy as a complement to the agreement or only by presidential initiative. Thus, in the 1960s, it became clear that the nation was obliged, in one way or another, to help more than half of the world`s countries protect themselves. 436 The agitation of the Congress resulted only in the adoption of a resolution of the “meaning of the Senate” expressing the wish that in the future” “national commitments” would be made more solemnly than in the past. 437 During this period again, John Hay, as McKinley`s Secretary of State, initiated his policy of “open doors” by attaching notes to Britain, Germany and Russia, quickly followed by similar notes addressed to France, Italy and Japan. They essentially asked the beneficiaries to formally declare that they would not seek to expand their respective interests in China to the detriment of others; And everyone reacted positively. 427 Then, in 1905, the first Roosevelt, who was trying to reach a diplomatic agreement with Japan, initiated an exchange of views between the Minister of War, Mr.
Taft, then in the Far East, and Count Katsura, who concluded a secret treaty by which the Roosevelt government approved japan`s creation of a military protectorate in Korea. 428 Three years later, Foreign Minister Root and Japan`s ambassador to Washington concluded the Root Takahira Agreement to maintain the status quo in the Pacific and uphold the principle of equal opportunity for trade and industry in China. 429 Meanwhile, in 1907, by a “gentleman`s agreement,” the Michado government had agreed to limit the emigration of Japanese subjects to the United States, thereby relieving the Washington government of the need to take measures that would have cost Japan the loss of face. The end result of this series of executive agreements affecting U.S. relations in and with the Far East was the result of President Wilson`s diplomacy. This was the Lansing Ishii Agreement, embodied in an exchange of letters of November 2, 1917, in which the United States recognized Japan`s “special interests” in China and granted Japan the principle of the open door in that country. 430 The Lend-Lease Act – The largest delegation of power ever granted by Congress to the President to enter into executive agreements was in the area of the related powers of the two departments, the field of foreign relations, and took place at a time when war seemed in sight and was in fact only a few months away. . . .
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